高中英語句子成分和句子種類
句子成分和結構是英語的基礎，是理解和表達英語的關鍵。英語中許多詞類都對句子成分和結構有影響。英語中的句子是由詞或短語組成的，這些詞或短語在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。下面是小編為您帶來的是高中英語句子成分和句子種類相關內容，希望對您有所幫助。
高中英語句子成分和句子種類
英語的篇章是由句子構成的，不同的內容需要不同型別的句式結構，這些句式結構又構成英語中不同的句子型別。學習英語句法的基礎是瞭解句子成分、句子的基本結構和句子種類。
I 句子成分
組成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分包括主語、謂語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語和補足語等。
主語和謂語是句子的主體部分；
表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語等是句子的次要部分。
1. 主語：主語說明謂語動作或狀態的執行者，常用的`作主語的詞類有：名詞（短語）、代詞、 數詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）和從句。
1）名詞：The students are learning grammar.
Our teacher speaks very fast.
2）代詞：She is writing.
He likes playing tennis.
3）數詞：Five is an odd number.
Six is my favourite number.
4）不定式：To learn English well is important.
It is not easy to remember all rules.
5）動名詞：Swimming is interesting.
Learning grammar well is difficult.
6）主語從句：What I said is true.
What we can't get seems better than what we have.
2. 謂語：謂語用來描述主語的行為動作或所處的狀態。謂語的中心詞是限定動詞，有人稱、 數和時態的變化。
1）簡單謂語
動詞：He bought a dictionary yesterday.
動詞短語：He is looking for his pen.
2）複合謂語
系動詞+表語：We are students.
情態動詞+不定式：I may be wrong.
動詞+不定式：We have to do something for them.
3. 表語：表語與前面的系動詞一起構成複合謂語，用來說明主語的特徵、類屬、狀態、身 份等。充作表語的可以是單詞、短語或從句。
1）名詞：He is a doctor.
Mr. Scott is a farmer.
2）代詞：It is me.
That's something we have always to keep in mind.
3）數詞：My lucky number is nine.
She was the first to learn about it.
4）形容詞：The classroom is big.
His hair has gone white.
5）副詞：I am here.
6）介詞：We are in the classroom.
7）動名詞：My job is teaching them grammar.
= Teaching them grammar is my job.
8）分詞：The film is exciting.
Time is pressing. Let's hurry up.
9）不定式短語：My job is to teach them grammar.
All I can do is to send her a telegram.
10）表語從句：He looks as if he were going to cry.
The suggestion is that we should recite more words.
注意：名詞：身份、性質、內容。
形容詞：特點、特徵。
4. 賓語：賓語為動作的承受者。
1）名詞：He is drinking water.
I've bought an English-Chinese dictionary.
2）代詞：The teacher is talking to her.
They didn't promise him anything.
3）數詞：I like six.
I want the first.
4）動名詞：He likes watching TV.
I enjoyed working with you.
5）不定式：I want to buy a book.
My father likes to swim in winter.
6）賓語從句：He asked if he might go there.
Did you write down what she said?
注意：英語有單賓語、雙賓語、複合賓語、同源賓語等。
1）單賓語：I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?
Please stop making noise.
Do you understand what I mean?
2）雙賓語：雙賓語指動詞後面接指人和指物的兩個賓語。
（指人的賓語叫間接賓語；指物的賓語叫直接賓語）
其結構為：主語+及物動詞（短語）+sb. + sth.
Please tell me how the accident came about.
（me為間接賓語，how從句為直接賓語）
The teacher asked me a question.
（me為間接賓語，a question為直接賓語）
當直接賓語與間接賓語位置調換時，須在間接賓語前加介詞 to/ for等。
Would you like to do me a favor?
= Would you like to do a favor for me?
3）複合賓語：“賓語+賓語補足語”構成了複合賓語，賓語與補足語之間具有 邏輯上的主謂關係。
We all find him a nice boy.
（him為賓語，a nice boy為賓語補足語）
I saw a stranger waving to me.
（a stranger為賓語，waving to me為賓語補足語）
4）同源賓語：同源賓語指由名詞擔任的能重複動詞部分或全部意思的直接賓 語，前面常有修飾語。
laugh a good laugh大笑 smile a gentle smile 微微一笑
live a happy life 過著幸福生活 die a glorious death 死得光榮 dream a beautiful dream 作美夢 sing a sweet song 唱了一首甜 美的歌 blow a heavy blow 沉重地一擊
5. 同位語：對句子中某一成分作進一步解釋、說明，與前面的詞在語法上處於同等地位的 句子成分叫做同位語。同位語常常置於被說明的詞之後。
1）名詞：Zhang Sir, our grammar teacher is humorous.
This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital.
2）代詞：He himself did it.
3）數詞：The year, 1988 is important.
We two will go shopping this afternoon.
4）動名詞：My task, looking after these children is important.
5）不定式：My job, to teach them grammar is hard.
6）同位語從句：I had no idea that you were here.
The suggestion that we should recite more words is useful.
6. 定語：定語是用來描述名詞或代詞的修飾語，它常和名詞構成名詞短語。
前置定語：1）名詞：I want an English-Chinese dictionary.
He has bought a grammar book.
2）代詞：This is my bag.
No difficulty whatever can stop our advance.
3）數詞：There are two policeman in the street.
Please read the first paragraph.
4）冠詞：This is a desk.
5）形容詞：I like red apples.
He gave me a vivid description of the battle.
6）動名詞：This is a sleeping car.
The swimming pool is wonderful.
後置定語：7）副詞：The students here are good.
The buildings around are of modern construction.
8）介詞：The students in the classroom are good.
The book on the desk is mine.
9）不定式：I have an apple to eat.
I have a lot of homework to do.
注意：當句子的主語是不定式動作的發出者時，不定式用主 動形式表被動。
10）定語從句：The students who are in the classroom are good.
The boy who went to the library is our monitor.
注意：是作前置定語還是後置定語取決於自身的長度。
11）分詞：現在分詞：This is a sleeping boy.
The sleeping boy is my brother.
There are some boys playing outside.
過去分詞：This is a broken glass.
She is taking care of the newly-born child.
We must solve the problems left by history.
注意：動名詞作定語，表示所修飾名詞的性質或用途。
This is a sleeping car.
= This is a car used for sleeping.
分詞作定語，表示所修飾名詞的動作或狀態。
I like the children playing on the ground.
This is a glass broken by that kid.
7. 狀語：狀語是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的一種成分。它可以表示時間、地點、 方式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結果、條件和讓步等。
Adverbial is usually used to modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb or a sentence. 英語中有十大狀語：1）時間狀語：
He is to fly to London tomorrow.
2）地點狀語：
The meeting was held in Harbin.
3）方式狀語：
The workers there are paid by the week, not by the month.
4）比較狀語：
He worked as fast as a skilled worker.
5）程度狀語：
He loves his son very much.
6）原因狀語：
Because of the warm and sunny weather, oranges grow very well here.
7）目的狀語：
We do it in this way so as to save time.
8）結果狀語：
He returned home to find his father dead.
9）條件狀語：
Without plants, animals could not live in the world.
10）讓步狀語：
In spite of all his efforts, he failed.
注意：十大狀語，九大狀語從句。程度狀語沒有狀語從句，由程 度副詞或現在分詞來擔任。
1）名詞：He will go to Japan tomorrow.
2）副詞：Liu Xiang runs fast.
3）形容詞：He got home, cold and hungry.
Unable to answer the question, he said nothing.
4）狀語從句：Since he was unable to answer the question, he said nothing. He got up early so that he might catch the morning train.
注意：當狀語從句位於主句前面時，必須有“，”
後面時，“，”可有可無
5）介詞：We are learning grammar in the classroom.
6）不定式：They went to Beijing to visit a famous writer.
They study hard to pass the examination.
7）分詞：Seeing the notice, he ran away.
Seem from the hill, the village is beautiful.
注意：分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語是句子的主語。
Settled, we began our work.
→ The question settled, we began our work.
8）獨立主格：名詞/代詞 + 名詞：He talked about friends, all stars.
形容詞：He stood there, his face red.
副詞：Class over, the students went out of the classroom.
介詞：The teacher came in, a book in his hand. 不定式短語：Much work to do, I don't think I'll have time to come and see you.
分詞：Some boys making so much noise, I couldn't study.
The question settled, we began our work.
8. 補語：補語是用來說明賓語或主語的性質、狀態等的一種句子成分。
補語分為主語補足語和賓語補足語，含有賓語補足語的句子在變為被動句時， 賓語補足語便成了主語補足語。
注意：補足語力求句意的完整，根據語意，不能隨意拿掉。
1）名詞：We call her Zhang Sir.
→
形式主語，邏輯上的賓語 主動語態的主語變到介詞後
注：被動語態主賓一體。
2）形容詞：The letter made him sad.
→ He was made sad by the letter.