四級考試閱讀題備考筆記
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning . This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的
2.modify 修改、改變;pair with 伴隨
3.it is ...that 強調介詞狀語結構
●分型別文章：1.分為幾類就是文章主題
2.抓住各類主體詞/基本特徵詞(通常為動詞)
3.多餘段落通常例證某一類
The second kind of learning is called operant conditioning. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.